Bose–Einstein condensate

A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a unique state of matter formed under extremely low temperatures, close to absolute zero. In this state, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, demonstrating macroscopic quantum phenomena. This phenomenon is a result of the bosons' ability to occupy the same quantum state due to their integer spin.

Bose-Einstein condensates were first predicted by Albert Einstein in 1924-1925, building on the work of Satyendra Nath Bose. These condensates were experimentally created in 1995 by Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman using rubidium atoms, and later by Wolfgang Ketterle using sodium atoms. The creation of BECs marked a significant milestone in condensed matter physics and quantum mechanics.

The macroscopic occupation of the lowest quantum state in a BEC is the order parameter, indicating a phase transition. This unique state of matter allows scientists to observe and study quantum phenomena on a macroscopic scale, providing insights into the fundamental principles of physics.