Grace Hopper invented the first compiler and coined the term 'debugging' after finding an actual moth in a relay

Software bug

First computer bug: A moth in Harvard Mark II, 1947

Ada Lovelace recognized that Babbage's Analytical Engine could manipulate symbols, not just numbers

Ada Lovelace foresaw the Analytical Engine's potential for symbol manipulation, marking her as the first programmer

Colossus computer

Colossus, 1943: first programmable computer to decrypt Nazi codes

John von Neumann

John von Neumann pioneered the stored-program architecture used in nearly every computer built since

History of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system

The word 'algorithm' originates from al-Khwarizmi, a 9th-century Persian mathematician

Universal Turing machine

Alan Turing introduced the Turing machine in 1936