The capital of Turkey is Ankara, not Istanbul — moved by Atatürk in 1923

The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana — renamed from Nur-Sultan back to Astana in 2022

Astana (renamed Nur-Sultan) is Kazakhstan's capital

The capital of Hungary is Budapest — originally two cities, Buda and Pest, merged in 1873

Budapest, formed from Buda and Pest in 1873, is Hungary's capital

The capital of Myanmar (Burma) is Naypyidaw — built in secret and announced in 2006

Naypyidaw became Myanmar's capital in 2006

The first stock exchange opened in Amsterdam in 1602 — to trade Dutch East India Company shares

Amsterdam's first stock exchange, 1602, facilitated Dutch East India Company trading

What mathematical model can be used to predict the optimal location for a new capital city based on factors such as population distribution, geographical features, and economic activity?

Spatial econometrics model incorporating gravity, distance decay, and accessibility indices

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest lake — technically not a sea despite the name

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, not a sea