Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Kurt Gödel

Kurt Gödel proved incompleteness theorems

The Road to Serfdom

Friedrich Hayek warns of tyranny from central economic planning in The Road to Serfdom

Emmy Noether

Emmy Noether proved Noether's theorem connecting symmetry and conservation laws

Eichmann in Jerusalem

Hannah Arendt coined 'the banality of evil' during the Eichmann trial

Wittgenstein's later philosophy argues

Wittgenstein's later philosophy posits: "Meaning is use, not reference."

Monty Hall problem

Switching wins 2/3 of the time