What Chebyshev's inequality says: P(|X-μ| ≥ kσ) ≤ 1/k²

What Hoeffding's inequality bounds: tail probability of sum of bounded random variables

Hoeffding's inequality bounds the sum of bounded random variables' tail probability

Write the formula for normal distribution PDF

Normal distribution PDF: 𝑋/(σ√2π) * e^(-(X-μ)^2/(2σ^2))

A p-value < 0.05 means: if H₀ is true, this result has <5% probability

A p-value < 0.05 indicates a less than 5% chance of observing data as extreme as this if the null hypothesis is true

Write the equation for sigmoid function σ(x) = 1/(1+e^-x)

σ(x) = 1 / (1 + e^-x)

What the Nyquist theorem says: sample at ≥ 2× the highest frequency to avoid aliasing

Nyquist theorem: Sample rate ≥ 2*highest frequency to prevent frequency aliasing

Write the formula for Mahalanobis distance

D^2 = (x - μ)^T Σ^(-1) (x - μ)