What Frege's distinction between sense and reference does — 'morning star' and 'evening star' have same reference, different sense

What Wittgenstein's later philosophy argues — meaning is use, not reference

"Meaning arises from linguistic use, not from the objects' inherent properties."

How does the Twin Earth thought experiment challenge the internalism versus externalism debate in the philosophy of language and meaning?

Twin Earth suggests externalism, as meanings depend on environmental factors, not just internal cognitive states

What Russell's theory of descriptions solved — 'the present king of France is bald' is meaningful but false

Russell's theory of descriptions resolves the paradox by showing the statement's logical form reveals it's neither true nor false

What the ontological difference is for Heidegger — the difference between Being and beings

Heidegger's ontological difference: Being as the ground of beings, not beings themselves

What Husserl meant by 'intentionality' — consciousness is always consciousness OF something

Intentionality: consciousness inherently directed towards an object

What Habermas means by communicative rationality — reason oriented toward mutual understanding, not domination

Communicative rationality: Reason aimed at shared understanding, not power