What the Phillips curve shows — inverse relationship between unemployment and inflation

What the natural rate of unemployment is according to Friedman

Friedman's view: Natural rate of unemployment is the rate when inflation is stable

What an inverted yield curve signals — short-term rates exceed long-term, often predicts recession

Inverted yield curve typically signals an impending economic recession

What raising interest rates does — makes borrowing more expensive, slows spending and inflation

Raising interest rates makes borrowing more expensive, slows spending, and reduces inflation

What stagflation is and why Keynesian economics struggled to explain it

Stagflation: simultaneous high inflation and stagnant growth, challenging Keynesian focus on demand management

How does the Fisher Effect describe the relationship between nominal interest rates, real interest rates, and inflation, and what are the implications for monetary policy in a high inflation environment?

Fisher Effect: Nominal rate = Real rate + Inflation; high inflation necessitates higher nominal rates for policy effectiveness

What the Keynesian multiplier effect does — $1 of government spending generates more than $1 of GDP

The Keynesian multiplier effect amplifies $1 of government spending to generate greater than $1 increase in GDP