What the second law of thermodynamics says — entropy of an isolated system never decreases

What Maxwell's demon thought experiment challenges — can information be used to decrease entropy

Maxwell's demon challenges the second law of thermodynamics by potentially decreasing entropy using information

What Boltzmann's entropy formula states — S = k ln Ω, connecting microscopic states to macroscopic entropy

Boltzmann's formula relates entropy (S) to the natural logarithm of the number of microstates (Ω), with k as Boltzmann's constant

What the arrow of time problem asks — why does time have a direction when fundamental laws are time-reversible

The arrow of time problem questions why entropy increases in one direction despite time-reversible laws

What Landauer's principle resolves — erasing one bit of information dissipates at least kT ln 2 of energy

Landauer's principle states energy dissipation during bit erasure is kT ln(2)

What universality means in phase transitions — different systems show identical critical exponents

Universality in phase transitions: identical critical exponents across diverse systems

Why time translation symmetry gives energy conservation — if physics doesn't change with time, energy is conserved

Time translation symmetry implies unchanging physics, thus conserving energy