Benjamin's 'aura' is

Phenomenology (philosophy)

Epoché brackets existence claims to study how things appear

The Origin of the Work of Art

Heidegger posits art reveals deeper truths, as van Gogh shoes symbolize life's essence beyond mere utility

Heidegger's being-toward-death reveals

Heidegger's being-toward-death reveals finitude as the condition for authentic existence

Two Dogmas of Empiricism

Quine's essay attacked two central aspects of logical positivism

the Zen kōan 'what is the sound of one hand clapping' is designed to do

Break conceptual thinking

Deconstruction

Derrida's deconstruction reveals internal contradictions in texts