Lagrangian L(x,λ) = f(x) - λg(x)

Taylor series

Taylor series formula: f(x) = f(a) + f'(a)(x-a) + f''(a)(x-a)^2/2! +

Normalization (machine learning)

L2 normalization equation: x_i' = x_i / ||x||_2

convolution (f * g)(t) = ∫f(τ)g(t-τ)dτ

(f * g)(t) = ∫f(τ)g(t-τ)dτ

Chain rule

Chain rule formula: h'(x) = z'(y(x)) * y'(x)

Poisson distribution

Poisson distribution formula: P(k; λ) = (λ^k * e^(-λ)) / k!

Expected value

Expected value formula: E[X] = Σ [x * P(x)]