PCIe bandwidth limits: ~64 GB/s for PCIe 5.0 x16, bottleneck for CPU-GPU transfer

NVLink provides: high-bandwidth GPU-to-GPU interconnect (900 GB/s on H100)

NVLink provides: high-bandwidth GPU-to-GPU interconnect (900 GB/s on H100)

NVIDIA's A100 has: 80GB HBM2e, 2TB/s bandwidth, 312 TFLOPS FP16

NVIDIA's A100 features: 80GB HBM2e, 2TB/s bandwidth, 312 TFLOPS FP16

NVIDIA's H100 has: 80GB HBM3, 3.35TB/s bandwidth, 990 TFLOPS FP16

NVIDIA H100 features: 80GB HBM3, 3.35TB/s bandwidth, 990 TFLOPS FP16

Von Neumann architecture

CPU must fetch both data and instructions from memory

2024–present global memory supply shortage

Global DRAM shortage began in 2024

HBM (High Bandwidth Memory) provides: stacked DRAM with much higher bandwidth than DDR

High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) provides stacked DRAM with much higher bandwidth than DDR