The Monty Hall problem: you should always switch doors — switching wins 2/3 of the time

The birthday paradox: in a group of 23 people, there's a 50% chance two share a birthday

In a group of 23, there's a 50% chance at least two share a birthday due to the birthday paradox

QWERTY keyboard layout was designed to prevent typewriter jamming, not for speed

QWERTY was created to reduce mechanical jamming, not for typing efficiency

There are more possible chess games than atoms in the observable universe — about 10^120 vs 10^80

Chess games exceed the observable universe's atom count: 10^120 > 10^80

There are more possible arrangements of a deck of cards than atoms on Earth — 52! ≈ 8 × 10^67

Card arrangements vastly exceed Earth's atoms: 52! ≈ 8 × 10^67

What moral luck challenges — we praise/blame people for outcomes they couldn't fully control

Moral luck questions the fairness of praising/blaming based on outcomes beyond one's control

Benford's law: in natural datasets, the leading digit is 1 about 30% of the time, not 11%

Benford's law: Leading digit in natural datasets, 1: 30%