What Nagarjuna's concept of śūnyatā (emptiness) means — all things lack inherent, independent existence

What the principle of sufficient reason says — everything must have a reason or cause

The principle of sufficient reason states: Nothing happens without a reason or cause

What Sartre means by 'existence precedes essence' — you are not born with a fixed nature

Sartre posits that humans first exist, then define their essence through actions and choices

What Heidegger meant by the forgetting of Being — Western metaphysics reduced Being to beings

Heidegger's concept: Western metaphysics obscured Being by focusing on individual beings

What Derrida means by 'there is nothing outside the text' — context is itself textual

Derrida's assertion implies that meaning is constructed within language, not external to it

What the ontological difference is for Heidegger — the difference between Being and beings

Heidegger's ontological difference: Being as the ground of beings, not beings themselves

What Aristotle means by eudaimonia — human flourishing through the exercise of virtue, not mere happiness

Aristotle's eudaimonia: Flourishing via virtue, not just fleeting happiness