What Aristotle means by eudaimonia — human flourishing through the exercise of virtue, not mere happiness

What Aristotle's doctrine of the mean says — virtue lies between excess and deficiency

Virtue is the mean between two extremes of excess and deficiency

What Confucius means by ren (仁) — humaneness or benevolence, the highest virtue

Ren: Benevolence, empathy, and moral integrity as the highest virtue

What Nagarjuna's concept of śūnyatā (emptiness) means — all things lack inherent, independent existence

Śūnyatā posits that all phenomena are empty of inherent existence, interdependently arising

What is the significance of the 'transcendental ego' in phenomenology as proposed by Edmund Husserl?

The 'transcendental ego' is the pure subject of consciousness in Husserl's phenomenology, foundational for understanding phenomena

What virtue ethics focuses on instead of rules — character traits and the question 'what kind of person should I be'

Virtue ethics emphasizes character traits and personal virtues over rule-based actions

How Husserl's crisis of European sciences argued — positivism lost touch with the meaning-giving lifeworld

Husserl critiqued positivism for neglecting the significance of the lived, meaning-rich world