What substance dualism claims — mind and body are fundamentally different kinds of stuff

What functionalism claims about the mind — mental states are defined by their functional roles, not their material

Functionalism posits that mental states are characterized by their causal relations to inputs, outputs, and other mental states

What embodied cognition claims — thinking depends on having a body, not just a brain

Embodied cognition posits that cognition arises from interactions between an organism and its environment

What the extended mind thesis argues — cognition extends beyond the brain into tools and environment

The extended mind thesis posits that cognitive processes are distributed across the brain, body, and environment

How does the Twin Earth thought experiment challenge the internalism versus externalism debate in the philosophy of language and meaning?

Twin Earth suggests externalism, as meanings depend on environmental factors, not just internal cognitive states

What Putnam's Twin Earth thought experiment shows — meaning isn't just in the head

Putnam's Twin Earth demonstrates that meaning is partly in the external world, not solely in the mind

What nominalism claims — only particular things exist, universals are just names

Nominalism posits that only individual objects exist, universals are mere linguistic constructs