What nominalism claims — only particular things exist, universals are just names

What the problem of universals asks — do abstract properties (redness, roundness) exist independently

Universals question: Do abstract properties like redness exist independently of particular objects?

What Wittgenstein's later philosophy argues — meaning is use, not reference

"Meaning arises from linguistic use, not from the objects' inherent properties."

What substance dualism claims — mind and body are fundamentally different kinds of stuff

Dualism posits that mind and body are distinct, non-physical and physical substances, respectively

What the ontological difference is for Heidegger — the difference between Being and beings

Heidegger's ontological difference: Being as the ground of beings, not beings themselves

What Kant's categorical imperative says — act only by rules you could universalize

Act according to maxims that could be willed as universal laws

What Russell's theory of descriptions solved — 'the present king of France is bald' is meaningful but false

Russell's theory of descriptions resolves the paradox by showing the statement's logical form reveals it's neither true nor false