What the Daoist concept of wu wei means — effortless action, going with the natural flow

What Kant's categorical imperative says — act only by rules you could universalize

Act according to maxims that could be willed as universal laws

What Nagarjuna's concept of śūnyatā (emptiness) means — all things lack inherent, independent existence

Śūnyatā posits that all phenomena are empty of inherent existence, interdependently arising

What is the significance of the 'transcendental ego' in phenomenology as proposed by Edmund Husserl?

The 'transcendental ego' is the pure subject of consciousness in Husserl's phenomenology, foundational for understanding phenomena

What Sartre means by 'existence precedes essence' — you are not born with a fixed nature

Sartre posits that humans first exist, then define their essence through actions and choices

What instrumentalism claims — theories are useful tools, not descriptions of unobservable reality

Instrumentalism views theories as practical tools, not literal depictions of unobservable phenomena

What Kripke's Naming and Necessity showed — identity statements like 'water is H₂O' are necessary a posteriori

Kripke's Naming and Necessity established that some identity statements are necessarily true but known a posteriori