What Kant's categorical imperative says — act only by rules you could universalize

Why Kant separates duty from inclination — moral worth comes from acting from duty alone

Kant posits that moral worth arises solely from actions driven by duty, not by inclination

What nominalism claims — only particular things exist, universals are just names

Nominalism posits that only individual objects exist, universals are mere linguistic constructs

What the problem of universals asks — do abstract properties (redness, roundness) exist independently

Universals question: Do abstract properties like redness exist independently of particular objects?

What the Daoist concept of wu wei means — effortless action, going with the natural flow

Wu wei: Daoist principle of effortless action, aligning with nature's spontaneous order

What Nietzsche's will to power is — not political domination but the drive to self-overcoming

Nietzsche's will to power: intrinsic human drive for self-transcendence

What the principle of sufficient reason says — everything must have a reason or cause

The principle of sufficient reason states: Nothing happens without a reason or cause