What Confucius means by ren (仁) — humaneness or benevolence, the highest virtue

What Aristotle means by eudaimonia — human flourishing through the exercise of virtue, not mere happiness

Aristotle's eudaimonia: Flourishing via virtue, not just fleeting happiness

What virtue ethics focuses on instead of rules — character traits and the question 'what kind of person should I be'

Virtue ethics emphasizes character traits and personal virtues over rule-based actions

Why Kant separates duty from inclination — moral worth comes from acting from duty alone

Kant posits that moral worth arises solely from actions driven by duty, not by inclination

What Sartre means by 'condemned to be free' — you cannot escape the burden of choice

Sartre's 'condemned to be free' implies inherent responsibility for choices, despite the absence of predetermined essence

What Nietzsche means by master and slave morality — two competing value systems

Nietzsche contrasts master morality valuing strength, slave morality valuing meekness

What de Beauvoir's ethics of ambiguity argues — freedom requires acknowledging others' freedom

De Beauvoir's ethics posits freedom entails recognizing others' freedom amidst life's inherent ambiguities