Why Kant separates duty from inclination — moral worth comes from acting from duty alone

What Kant's categorical imperative says — act only by rules you could universalize

Act according to maxims that could be willed as universal laws

What Sartre means by 'condemned to be free' — you cannot escape the burden of choice

Sartre's 'condemned to be free' implies inherent responsibility for choices, despite the absence of predetermined essence

What virtue ethics focuses on instead of rules — character traits and the question 'what kind of person should I be'

Virtue ethics emphasizes character traits and personal virtues over rule-based actions

What moral luck challenges — we praise/blame people for outcomes they couldn't fully control

Moral luck questions the fairness of praising/blaming based on outcomes beyond one's control

What the demandingness objection to utilitarianism says — it requires too much self-sacrifice

Demandingness objection: Utilitarianism excessively demands personal sacrifice for the greater good

What Nietzsche means by master and slave morality — two competing value systems

Nietzsche contrasts master morality valuing strength, slave morality valuing meekness