What Lakatos's research programmes improve over Popper — hard core protected by auxiliary hypotheses

What Popper's falsifiability criterion says — a theory is scientific only if it can be proven wrong

Popper's criterion: A theory is scientific if it can be falsified

What the replication crisis reveals — many published scientific findings cannot be reproduced

The replication crisis exposes the unreliability of numerous scientific studies

What Quine's 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism' attacked — the analytic/synthetic distinction and reductionism

Quine's 'Two Dogmas' critiques the analytic/synthetic distinction and reductionism

What the underdetermination of theory by data means — evidence is always compatible with multiple theories

Underdetermination implies that evidence does not uniquely determine a single theory

What Husserl's phenomenological reduction does — suspends the natural attitude to examine pure consciousness

Husserl's phenomenological reduction suspends the natural attitude to study pure consciousness

What Kuhn's paradigm shifts describe — science doesn't progress linearly but through revolutions

Kuhn's paradigm shifts describe non-linear scientific progress through transformative revolutions