What Popper's falsifiability criterion says — a theory is scientific only if it can be proven wrong

What Lakatos's research programmes improve over Popper — hard core protected by auxiliary hypotheses

Lakatos's research programmes allow for progressive problem shifts while protecting core hypotheses with auxiliary hypotheses

What the underdetermination of theory by data means — evidence is always compatible with multiple theories

Underdetermination implies that evidence does not uniquely determine a single theory

Why logical positivism collapsed — the verification principle couldn't verify itself

The self-referential paradox of the verification principle undermined logical positivism's foundational premise

What Quine's 'Two Dogmas of Empiricism' attacked — the analytic/synthetic distinction and reductionism

Quine's 'Two Dogmas' critiques the analytic/synthetic distinction and reductionism

What the replication crisis reveals — many published scientific findings cannot be reproduced

The replication crisis exposes the unreliability of numerous scientific studies

What Foucault means by 'power/knowledge' — knowledge production is inseparable from power relations

Foucault posits that knowledge creation is inherently linked to power dynamics, shaping societal structures