What Aristotle's doctrine of the mean says — virtue lies between excess and deficiency

What Aristotle means by eudaimonia — human flourishing through the exercise of virtue, not mere happiness

Aristotle's eudaimonia: Flourishing via virtue, not just fleeting happiness

Why Kant separates duty from inclination — moral worth comes from acting from duty alone

Kant posits that moral worth arises solely from actions driven by duty, not by inclination

What the demandingness objection to utilitarianism says — it requires too much self-sacrifice

Demandingness objection: Utilitarianism excessively demands personal sacrifice for the greater good

What virtue ethics focuses on instead of rules — character traits and the question 'what kind of person should I be'

Virtue ethics emphasizes character traits and personal virtues over rule-based actions

What moral luck challenges — we praise/blame people for outcomes they couldn't fully control

Moral luck questions the fairness of praising/blaming based on outcomes beyond one's control

What Nagarjuna's concept of śūnyatā (emptiness) means — all things lack inherent, independent existence

Śūnyatā posits that all phenomena are empty of inherent existence, interdependently arising